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A sequence of identical digits d then corresponds to the number (1 + Sqrt[4d + 1])/2 . (Note that Nest[Sqrt[# + 2] &, 0, n] 2 Cos[ π /2 n + 1 ] .) … For random x , digits 0, 1, 2 appear to occur with limiting frequencies Sqrt[2 + d] - Sqrt[1 + d] .
To find Sqrt[n] one starts by setting r=n and s=0 . … The result is that the digits of s in base 2 turn out to correspond exactly to the digits of Sqrt[n] .
Rule 225
The width of the pattern after t steps varies between Sqrt[3/2] √ t (achieved when t = 3 × 2 2n + 1 ) and Sqrt[9/2] √ t (achieved when t = 2 2n + 1 ).
For large n , the average number of distinct cycles in all such networks is Sqrt[ π /2] Log[n] , and the average length of these cycles is Sqrt[ π /8 n] .
Transformations of the form z {Sqrt[z - c], -Sqrt[z - c]} yield so-called Julia sets which form nested patterns for many values of c (see note below ).
Sqrt[1 - 4 x]/2 yields a sequence with 1's at positions 2 m , as essentially obtained from the substitution system {2 {2, 1}, 1 {1, 0}, 0 {0, 0}} . Sqrt[(1 - 3 x)/(1 + x)]/2 yields sequence (a) on page 84 . (1 + Sqrt[(1 - 3 x)/(1 + x)])/(2(1 + x)) (see page 890 ) yields the Thue–Morse sequence.
Rule 22—like rule 90 from page 26 —gives a pattern with fractal dimension Log[2,3] ≃ 1.58 ; rule 150 gives one with fractal dimension Log[2, 1+Sqrt[5]] ≃ 1.69 .
In the first 200 billion digits, the frequencies of 0 through 9 differ from 20 billion by
{30841, -85289, 136978, 69393, -78309, -82947, -118485, -32406, 291044, -130820}
An early approximation to π was
4 Sum[(-1) k /(2k + 1), {k, 0, m}]
30 digits were obtained with
2 Apply[Times, 2/Rest[NestList[Sqrt[2 + #]&, 0, m]]]
An efficient way to compute π to n digits of precision is
(# 〚 2 〛 2 /# 〚 3 〛 )& [NestWhile[Apply[Function[{a, b, c, d}, {(a + b)/2, Sqrt[a b], c - d (a - b) 2 , 2 d}], #]&, {1, 1/Sqrt[N[2, n]], 1/4, 1/4}, # 〚 2 〛 ≠ # 〚 2 〛 &]]
This requires about Log[2, n] steps, or a total of roughly n Log[n] 2 operations (see page 1134 ).
Equation for the background [in my PDEs]
If u[t, x] is independent of x , as it is sufficiently far away from the main pattern, then the partial differential equation on page 165 reduces to the ordinary differential equation
u''[t] (1 - u[t] 2 )(1 + a u[t])
u[0] u'[0] 0
For a = 0 , the solution to this equation can be written in terms of Jacobi elliptic functions as
( √ 3 JacobiSN[t/3 1/4 , 1/2] 2 ) / (1 + JacobiCN[t/3 1/4 , 1/2] 2 )
In general the solution is
(b d JacobiSN[r t, s] 2 )/(b - d JacobiCN[r t, s] 2 )
where
r = -Sqrt[1/8 a c (b - d)]
s = (d (c - b))/(c (d - b))
and b , c , d are determined by the equation
(x - b)(x - c)(x - d) -(12 + 6 a x - 4 x 2 - 3 a x 3 )/(3a)
In all cases (except when -8/3 < a < -1/ √ 6 ), the solution is periodic and non-singular. … For a = 8/3 , the solution can be written without Jacobi elliptic functions, and is given by
3 Sin[Sqrt[5/6] t] 2 /(2 + 3 Cos[Sqrt[5/6] t] 2 )
The necessary transformation is the so-called Lorentz transformation
{t, x} {t - v x/c 2 , x - v t}/Sqrt[1 - v 2 /c 2 ]
And from this the time dilation factor 1/Sqrt[1 - v 2 /c 2 ] shown on page 524 follows, as well as the length contraction factor Sqrt[1 - v 2 /c 2 ] .