The following will update triples of cells in the specified order by using the function f : OrderedUpdate[f_, a_, order_]:= Fold[ReplacePart[ #1, f[Take[#1, {#2 - 1, #2 + 1}]], #2] &, a, order] A random ordering of n cells corresponds to a random permutation of the form Fold[Insert[#1, #2, Random[Integer, Length[#1]] + 1] &, {}, Range[n]]

Others may lead to various kinds of local folding.

For any sequence s this can be done using Module[{c, m = 0}, Map[c[#] = {m, m += Count[s, #]/Length[s]} &, Union[s]]; Function[x, (First[RealDigits[2 # Ceiling[2 -# Min[x]], 2, -#, -1]] &)[Floor[Log[2, Max[x] - Min[x]]]]][ Fold[(Max[#1] - Min[#1]) c[#2] + Min[#1] &, {0, 1}, s]]] Huffman coding of a sequence containing a single 0 block together with n 1 blocks will yield output of length about n ; arithmetic coding will yield length about Log[n] .

Implementation [of proof example] Given the axioms in the form s[1] = (a_ ⊼ a_) ⊼ (a_ ⊼ b_)  a; s[2, x_] := b_  (b ⊼ b) ⊼ (b ⊼ x); s[3] = a_ ⊼ (a_ ⊼ b_)  a ⊼ (b ⊼ b); s[4] = a_ ⊼ (b_ ⊼ b_)  a ⊼ (a ⊼ b); s[5] = a_ ⊼ (a_ ⊼ (b_ ⊼ c_))  b ⊼ (b ⊼ (a ⊼ c)); the proof shown here can be represented by {{s[2, b], {2}}, {s[4], {}}, {s[2, (b ⊼ b) ⊼ ((a ⊼ a) ⊼ (b ⊼ b))], {2, 2}}, {s[1], {2, 2, 1}}, {s[2, b ⊼ b], {2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2}], {s[5], {2, 2, 2}}, {s[2, b ⊼ b], {2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 1}}, {s[1], {2, 2, 2, 2, 2}}, {s[3], {2, 2, 2}}, {s[1], {2, 2, 2, 2}}, {s[4], {2, 2, 2}}, {s[5], {}}, {s[2, a], {2, 2, 1}}, {s[1], {2, 2}}, {s[3], {}}, {s[1], {2}}} and applied using FoldList[Function[{u, v}, MapAt[Replace[#, v 〚 1 〛 ] &, u, {v 〚 2 〛 }]], a ⊼ b, proof]

If the rules for a one-element-dependence tag system are given in the form {2, {{0, 1}, {0, 1, 1}}} (compare page 1114 ), the initial conditions for the Turing machine are TagToMTM[{2, rule_}, init_] := With[{b = FoldList[Plus, 1, Map[Length, rule] + 1]}, Drop[Flatten[{Reverse[Flatten[{1, Map[{Map[ {1, 0, Table[0, {b 〚 # + 1 〛 }]} &, #], 1} &, rule], 1}]], 0, 0, Map[{Table[2, {b 〚 # + 1 〛 }], 3} &, init]}], -1]] surrounded by 0 's, with the head on the leftmost 2 , in state 1 .

When the embryo consists of a definite number of cells—from tens to tens of thousands depending on species—the phenomenon of gastrulation occurs, and the hollow sphere of cells that has been produced folds in on itself so as to begin to form more tubular structures.

Presumably most of the processes that are important take place while leaves are still folded up inside buds, and are not yet very solid.

The positions of the black cells are given by (and this establishes the connection with the picture on page 117 ) Fold[Flatten[{#1 - #2, #1 + #2}] &, {0}, 2^DigitPositions[t]] DigitPositions[n_] := Flatten[Position[Reverse[IntegerDigits[n, 2]], 1]] - 1 The actual pattern generated by rule 90 corresponds to the coefficients in PolynomialMod[Expand[(1/x + x) t ], 2] (see page 1091 ); the color of a particular cell is thus given by Mod[Binomial[t, (n + t)/2], 2] /; EvenQ[n + t] .

The tilings turn out to have approximate 5-fold symmetry.

Block cellular automata With a rule of the form {{1, 1}  {1, 1}, {1, 0}  {1, 0}, {0, 1}  {0, 0}, {0, 0}  {0, 1}} the evolution of a block cellular automaton with blocks of size n can be implemented using BCAEvolveList[{n_Integer, rule_}, init_, t_] := FoldList[BCAStep[{n, rule}, #1, #2]&, init, Range[t]] /; Mod[Length[init], n]  0 BCAStep[{n_, rule_}, a_, d_] := RotateRight[ Flatten[Partition[RotateLeft[a, d], n]/.rule], d] Starting with a single black cell, none of the k = 2 , n = 2 block cellular automata generate anything beyond simple nested patterns.