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Patterns produced by taking a single black cell, then evolving for 50 and 100 steps according to outer totalistic cellular automaton rules 54, 222 and 374.
The more complicated central region of the pattern grows 4 cells every 7 steps; the outer region consists of blocks that are 12 cells wide and repeat every 3 steps.
The outer walls of pollen grains are often covered with a certain density of tiny columns that can form spikes, or can have plates on top that can form cross-linkages and can join together to appear as patches.
With a list s of possible symbols, c[s, n] gives all possible expressions with LeafCount[expr] n :
c[s_, 1] = s; c[s_, n_] := Flatten[ Table[Outer[#1[#2] &, c[s, n - m], c[s, m]], {m, n - 1}]]
There are a total of Binomial[2n - 2, n - 1] Length[s] n /n such expressions.
(c) has an outer envelope whose edges grow at rates {-1.5, 0.3} √ t .
In many species the outer surface of the shell is covered by a kind of skin known as the periostracum, and in most cases this skin is opaque, thereby obscuring the patterns underneath until long after the animal has died.
Elaborate pigmentation patterns, for instance, typically exist just on an outer skin, and are made up of only a few types of cells.
Other examples are outer totalistic codes 111, 293, 295 and 920.
There are simple cellular automata—such as 8-neighbor outer totalistic code 196623—which eventually yield maze-like patterns even when started from simple initial conditions.
Typically properties like charge will be associated with some specific pattern of connections at the core of the structure corresponding to a particle, while the energy and momentum of the particle will be associated with roughly the number of nodes in some outer region around the core.