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History [of theories of biological form]
The first steps towards a theory of biological form were already taken in Greek times with attempts—notably by Aristotle —to classify biological organisms and to understand their growth.
A simple way to approximate the pictures in the main text would be to generate patterns by iterating the substitution system a fixed number of times.
Ever since the 1970s I at various times investigated using automated theorem-proving systems.
Those machines that take times that grow precisely like 2 n all tend to compute very straightforward functions which can be computed much faster by other machines.
History [of substitution systems]
In their various representations, 1D substitution systems have been invented independently many times for many different purposes.
Logic developed somewhat in medieval times, and in the late 1600s Gottfried Leibniz tried to use it as the foundation for a universal language to capture all systematic thinking.
Examples include message routing in networks, retransmission times after ethernet collisions, partitionings for sorting algorithms, and avoiding getting stuck in minimization procedures like simulated annealing.
History of computing
Even in prehistoric times there were no doubt schemes for computation based for example on making specific arrangements of pebbles.
(Actual experiments based on high-energy scattering and precision magnetic moment measurements have shown only that electrons and muons must have sizes smaller than about ℏ c/(10 TeV) ≃ 10 -20 m —or about 10 -5 times the size of a proton.
In recent times the most widely discussed have been spin networks—which despite their name ultimately seem to have fairly little to do with the systems I consider.